2.在无主句、存在句或一些祈使句中中加主语。
因为在这些句子中，主语虽然没有表示出来，但却早已隐含在句子里面；加上英语对句子表面上的结构要求非常严谨，因此在汉语翻译成英语时往往要加上省略的部分（主语）意思才能完整，例如：a.进行社会主义现代化建设必须尊重知识、尊重人才。
（In our drive for socialist modernization， we must respect knowledge and talentedpeople. ）
b.你还是带把雨伞吧，以防下雨。
（You ‘d better take an umbrella in case it rains. ）
c.已经快七点种了，他怎么还没有到？
（ It is nearly seven o ‘clock now ， why hasn ’t he arrived yet？）
d.一定不要忘记离家前父母对你所说的话。
（Remember what your said to you before you left home.）
有时，英语的动名词需要加上其逻辑主语才能显得意思完整：e. His father-in-law doesn‘t appreciate his smoking cigarette so heavily.（他的岳父对他抽这么多的烟很不以为然。）
3.加宾语她妈妈说，他们应该带孩子一起去参加马丽的生日晚会。
（Her mother said that they should bring their baby with them to Mary ‘s birthdayparty.）
4.有时需要加上语气词：There were no houses whatsoever when we crossed the marshlandson the Long March ， we just slept where we could.（我们长征时根本就没房子住，随便找个地方就睡下了。）
The audience was not interested at all（in any sense） in his long and boring speech.（观众对他那又臭又长的讲话一点都不感兴趣。）
减词：
I.和一些单词有关系的减词法1.省略“范畴”词：先看下面的例子：a.系里的领导来找他做说服工作。
（The leader of the department came to him to the undertake the persuasion）
b.这次考试不及格，使他深切认识到写好作文在学习英文中的重要性。
（The failure of this exam made him aware of the importance of writing in learningEnglish.）
c.这本书的目的是改进学生们的理解能力。
II. 表示逻辑关系上的减词：1.省去句子的主要结构只保留关联词：a. The store manager mayadvise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so ， the consumer should do this， statingthe complaint as politely and as firmly as possible.（商店的老板会建议顾客给制造商写信。要真是这样的话，顾客应该尽量把投诉书写的礼貌些、措辞更坚定一些。）
b. And how can it be otherwise， when the range of knowledge is so vast that the experthimself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty. （可是不这样，有能有什么别的更好的办法呢？知识的范围如此广袤，一旦越出其专业范围，连专家也会变得一无所知。）
c. It must be admitted that every nation has its strong points. If not， how can itsurvive ？
（每个民族都有它的优点，不然，怎么可以生存下来？）
2.省去主语：d. When completed ， this bridge will be the largest in Asia. （这座桥一旦竣工将是亚洲最大的。）
e. In some organization ， important papers ， letters， speeches ， documents， etc，are kept on file so that they can be easily obtained when needed. （在许多组织里，重要的文件、信函、演讲材料、档案都保存在文件夹里，以便需要时很容易查到。）
翻译时句子成分的转换: 英译汉时，有时为了通顺，往往需要将原文的某一句子成分转译成另一部分进行句子成分的转换：非主语转译成主语：定语译为主语a. If there should be any last-minute change in the sialing time, we’ll contact you by telephone.开船时间假如临时有更改，我们会用电话通知你。（状语译为主语）b. In many countries, free-port areas or foreign-trade zones have been established, where foreign merchants need not pay tariffs fort their unloaded goods if the goods remain within these areas or zones. 许多国家都建立了自由港和保税区，在那里，外国商人只要是在本区内，未卸船的货物可以不纳税。 c. The average temperature in summeris as hight as 35C. One can not be pleasant living in that place.夏天的平均温度高达摄氏35C，生活在那里不可能舒服。d. A good many new books were published by the Foreign Language Press last year. 外文出版社去年出版了许多新书。
谓语译为主语e. When a material is stressed byong the elastic limit a permaent deformation results.当一种材料的应力超过弹性极限时，就会产生永久变形。表语译为主语f. Television is different from radio in that its sends and receives pictures.电视和无线电的不同点在于电视能收发图象。 宾语转译成主语g. The wise buyer finds ways to make sure that wrong thinking is not allowed to interfere with careful planning in this purchases。 （明智的购买者尽量做到购买时不让错误的想法干扰。） His father flew into rage with what he had done. （他的所作所为让他的父亲大为光火。）
被动 语态 一般是，主谓语的位子翻译成汉语时需要颠倒，即原来的主语作宾语：h.Drastic action must be taken if they want to reduce traffic accidents and air pollution.(如果他们想减少交通事故和污染，就必须迅速采取措施。)i. I was totally upset by what he did in the exam. (他考试时的表现确实让我很担心。)j Asia was passed over by the industrial revolution.（工业革命没有光顾亚洲。）
译成带“是”的结构：k. We were moved to tears by the fact that he came to the meeting in spite of his illness. （最让我感激涕零的是，他带病坚持来开会。）译成： “由”“把”，“使”等字引导的句子：l. His mother was dismissed due to the fact that she couldn’t type fast enough. ( 老板把他的妈妈给解雇了，因为他打字不够快。)m. She was worried ,because her son had written for a long time.（ 她儿子很长时间没给她写信了，这可把她给担心坏 了。）n. Wind is caused by air moving between cold and warm region. (风是由冷暖地区流动着的空气引起的。)
非谓语转译成谓语：The new rule is applicable to foreigners.这一项新规定适用与外国人。（表语译为谓语）There is a need for improvement in your study habits你的学习习惯需要改进（主语译为谓语）
非宾语转译成宾语： 主语转译成宾语a. After he was elected chairman of the committee, Mr. Smith was found working in the lab early in the morning.(史密斯当选以后， 人们发现他一大早就到办公室工作了。)b. Much progress has been made in computer science in less than a century.c. 不到一个世纪，计算机科学取得了很大进步。（主语译为宾语）How much risk does internationalizaion contain for national identity?(一个国家会在国际化中会有丧失自己的危险吗？)
主语译为宾语，状语译为主语The amounht of energy thus lost can be considerably reduced and the life of the macnine prolonged by careful lubrication. 小心加以润滑能大大地减少这样所损失的能量并延长机器寿命。
状语译为宾语Materials to be used for strutural prupose are chosen so as too behave elastically in the environmental condition.结构上用的材料必须选择得使它们在周围环境条件下具有弹性。
非定语转译为定语主语译为定语a. The service university is characterized by several features: the existence of professional schools, short tailor-made course, contracting of services and funding by contracts. (大学提供服务的主要特征有以下几点：建立职业学校、短期培训学校以及提供服务与资助之间的合同签定等。 )b. The satellite system use this device in varied forms.卫星系统上的这种装置有各种不同的形状。（
宾语转译成定语c. His speech on the current international economic situation produce the profound influence on research work of that subject. （他的关于目前国际经济形式的讲话，对我们的研究工作产生了很大的影响。
状语译为定语d. In his composition he made few spelling mistakes.他在作文中的拼写错误很少。
主语译为定语，谓语译为主语The communications system is chiefly characterized by its ease with which it can be maintained.这一通讯系统的主要特征是容易维修。 非状语转译为状语
宾语补足语译为状语a. Don’t you see it was just in fun ? You got it all wrong.你没看出那不过是开开玩笑吗？你完全误解了。The professor showed her much attention and gave her some private coaching.教授对她很关心，给他一些个别辅导。（定语译为状语）
主语转译成状语b. After that, his youthful indifference to studies and his unwillingness to think of a nonsports career caught up with him.（在那之后，由于他年轻时候对学习毫不关心，以及不愿意考虑与运动无关的事情，他终于得到了报应。）
定语转译成状语c. We need a dialogue which promotes our mutual responsibility to the international community.
（我们需要对话来推进我们两国对国际社会所应承担的责任。）d. We need a dialogue that prevents any single issue form holding the entire relationship captive. （我们需要对话来防止任何有碍两国关系的事情发生。）e. His lack of interest in the project upset his colleagues who were trying every possible means to have it carried out. (他对该计划表露出了不感兴趣，这使得他的同事们很担心，因为他们正在尽一切办法来履行这项计划。)